Black History Month Part 4: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: The Bible and the Whip – Footnotes

Genesis 9:20–27 (KJV). The standard scholarly treatment of the Curse of Ham and its racial application is Stephen R. Haynes, Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/noahs-curse-9780195142792
Ephesians 6:5 (KJV). See also Colossians 3:22 and 1 Peter 2:18. The use of these passages in proslavery theology is documented comprehensively in Larry R. Morrison, ‘The Religious Defense of American Slavery Before 1830,’ Journal of Religious Thought 37 (1980): 16–29.
Charles Colcock Jones, A Catechism of Scripture Doctrine and Practice, for Families and Sabbath Schools (Savannah: John M. Cooper, 1837). Jones was one of the principal architects of the organized religious instruction of enslaved people in the antebellum South. His catechism is available through the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/06017325/
Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845), Appendix. Public domain. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23
Exodus 3:7–8 (KJV). The centrality of the Exodus narrative to Black American theological identity is documented in Eddie S. Glaude Jr., Exodus! Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Kate Clifford Larson, Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004), 87–99. Tubman’s use of Exodus imagery is documented throughout her recorded statements and in the accounts of people she led to freedom.
Nat Turner, The Confessions of Nat Turner, as told to Thomas R. Gray (Baltimore: Lucas & Deaver, 1831). Turner’s account of his theological motivations is the primary document. Available through the Library of Virginia. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/the-confessions-of-nat-turner-1831/
David Robertson, Denmark Vesey: The Buried History of America’s Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man Who Led It (New York: Knopf, 1999), 63–78.
David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (Boston: David Walker, 1829). Public domain. One of the most significant documents in African American political and theological history. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10071
C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), 7–12. https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-black-church-in-the-african-american-experience
James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 4–32. Anderson documents the role of the Black church in establishing literacy and education in the post-bellum period.
James H. Cone, Black Theology and Black Power (New York: Seabury Press, 1969); The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011).
Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). The definitive scholarly study of Black religious life under slavery. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/slave-religion-9780195174908
John Lovell Jr., Black Song: The Forge and the Flame — The Story of How the Afro-American Spiritual Was Hammered Out (New York: Macmillan, 1972). The theological content and coded communication of the spirituals is documented throughout.

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Black History Month Part 4: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: The Bible and the Whip – Footnotes

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