Black History Month Part 8: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent Of Black America: Old America – Footnotes

John Ehrlichman, interview with Dan Baum, 1994. Published: Baum, Dan. “Legalize It All.” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016.
Nixon, Richard M. “Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.” June 17, 1971. The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-drug-abuse-prevention-and-control
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-570, 100 Stat. 3207 (1986). Crack-cocaine sentencing disparity provisions, 21 U.S.C. § 841.
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796 (1994).
Morrison, Toni. “Comment: Clinton as the First Black President.” The New Yorker, October 5, 1998.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372 (2010). Reduced crack-to-powder cocaine sentencing ratio from 100:1 to 18:1.
Bell, Derrick A. “Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma.” Harvard Law Review 93, no. 3 (1980): 518–533.
Kindleberger, Charles P. A Financial History of Western Europe. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984. WWI bank loans and U.S. financial exposure.
Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002. MS St. Louis and refugee policy.
Power, Samantha. “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Rwanda and State Department language policy, pp. 329–389.
Human Rights Watch. “Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan.” April 2004. U.S. genocide designation: Secretary of State Colin Powell, Senate Foreign Relations Committee testimony, September 9, 2004.
Executive Order 14148, “Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register, Vol. 90.
Executive Order 14151, “Ending Radical and Wasteful Government DEI Programs and Preferencing,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register 90 FR 8339 (January 29, 2025).
Executive Order 14173, “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity,” January 21, 2025. Federal Register, Vol. 90.
Executive Order 14168, “Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register 90 FR 8615 (January 30, 2025).
Office of Personnel Management. “Initial Guidance Regarding DEIA Executive Orders.” Memorandum from Acting Director Charles Ezell, January 21, 2025.
Bondi, Pam. Memorandum to DOJ Employees. “Eliminating DEI and DEIA Discrimination and Preferences.” February 5, 2025. U.S. Department of Justice.
Young, William G. Ruling in National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education v. Trump. U.S. District Court. June 2025. Reported by Reuters and The Washington Post.

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Black History Month Part 8: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent Of Black America: Old America – Footnotes

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