Black History Month Part 5: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: Reconstruction and the First Betrayal – Footnotes

Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 425–444. Foner’s documentation of Klan violence and the federal response — and withdrawal — is the definitive scholarly treatment. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/reconstruction-eric-foner
Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008). Pulitzer Prize, History, 2009. The definitive documentation of convict leasing. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/190800/slavery-by-another-name-by-douglas-a-blackmon/
United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2022 — Statistical Tables (Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, 2023). Black Americans represent approximately 38% of the state and federal prison population. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2022-statistical-tables
In the Public Interest, How Private Prison Companies Increase Recidivism (Washington: In the Public Interest, 2016). Documents private prison lobbying against sentencing reform. https://www.inthepublicinterest.org/wp-content/uploads/ITPI_Recidivism_ResearchBrief_Nov2016.pdf
Sally E. Hadden, Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 9–14. Documents the 1704 South Carolina slave patrol as the first formalized policing institution in the American colonies. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013117
Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: Liveright, 2017). The most comprehensive documentation of federal housing discrimination policy. https://wwnorton.com/books/the-color-of-law/
Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Norton, 2005). Documents the racially discriminatory application of the GI Bill and New Deal programs. https://wwnorton.com/books/when-affirmative-action-was-white/
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Survey of Consumer Finances 2022 (Washington: Federal Reserve, 2023). Median white family wealth approximately $285,000; median Black family wealth approximately $44,900 — a ratio of approximately 6.3 to 1. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf23.pdf
H.R. 40 — Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act. Introduced by Representative John Conyers in every session of Congress from 1989 to 2017. Never received a floor vote. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/40
Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 5 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 388–389. https://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/greeley.htm
Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15, January 16, 1865. National Archives. The order was revoked by President Andrew Johnson in September 1865. https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm

About Eric Frazier

Your Trusted Advisor in Business and Wealth.

Mission, Vision & Core Values

To provide trusted, transparent, and transformative consulting that empowers individuals, families, and businesses

Billing Policy

What We Charge & Why Choose an Hourly Consultant

Ethical Business Practices & My Commitment to Clients

Integrity, transparency, and lifelong client relationships built on trust.

Transparency & Accountability

Ensuring clients are billed fairly, accurately, and with complete trust.

Real Estate as a Commodity & Time Expectations

Understanding how pricing, condition, and motivation shape the time to sell.

Terms and Conditions

Website use, membership subscriptions, cancellation, and refund terms.

Real Estate, Homeownership, Family & Finance

Explore the Magazines

Real Estate Magazine

Eric Frazier’s HUD Magazine

Faith, Family & Finance Magazine

100 Black Men Magazine

Explore More with Membership

Real Estate Magazine

Eric Frazier's HUD Magazine

Faith, Family & Finance Magazine

Black History Month Part 5: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: Reconstruction and the First Betrayal – Footnotes

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply